In the traditional view, allย people have immortal souls and the unrepentant will suffer eternal torment in hell. In contrast, this article shows that the unrepentant will not suffer eternally but die an eternal death. In other words, people do not have immortal souls and do not have eternal life inherently. This is justified as follows:
The Apostle Paul taught as follows:
(1) Only Godโs people will receive eternal life (e.g., Rom 2:5-8).
God promises eternal life ONLY to those who persevere in doing good and they will receive that life ONLY when Jesus returns (Rom 2:7). This means that people are currently not inherently immortal, that the unrepentant will never become immortal, which means that they will die.
(2) Paul never wrote that sinners will suffer in hell for eternity.
He does not mention the word โhellโ even once. Rather:
(3) Paul consistently warns the unrepentant that they will die.
For example:
“If you are living according to the flesh, you must die” (Rom 8:13), and
“The wages of sin is death” (Rom 6:23).
(4) Paul contrasted this death with eternal life (e.g., Rom 6:23).ย
In other words, the death that these people will die is not the temporary death that faces all people, but an eternal death; that awful and irreversible death which only the unrepentant will suffer, which Revelation refers to as “the second death.”
What did Jesus teach?
Jesus warned about โthe fiery hellโ – โthe unquenchable fire,โ โwhere their worm does not die, and the fire is not quenched.โ This is often understood to mean that the wicked will be tormented eternally. What people forget is that Jesus quoted these words from Isaiah 66:24, which explicitly refers to dead people: “corpses of the men.” In other words, the fire and the worm that do not die are symbols of irreversible death; not of eternal life in torment.ย
To explain the context a bit further: In ancient times, people sometimes destroyed corpses by fire, but when wood was in short supply, the body might not be fully consumed. And due to the hot, dry conditions, the corpse sometimes dried up and the worms died before the corpse was fully consumed.ย
So, when Jesus said that the “worm does not die, and the fire is not quenched,” He meant complete extinction. As we read elsewhere, God will destroy the body and soul in hell (Matt 10:28).
The Book of Revelation teaches the same.
The best evidence for eternal torment is in this book. It says:
“If anyoneโs name was not found written in the book of life, he was thrown into the lake of fire” (Rev 20:15) “where the beast and the false prophet are also; and they will be tormented day and night forever and ever” (Rev 20:10, 15) โand the smoke of their torment goes up forever and everโ (Rev 14:9-11).ย
This article shows that this is symbolic language:
Revelation is a book of symbols.
The beast is not a person that can be tormented.
They will be tormented in the presence of the Lamb (Rev 14:10). Literally interpreted, this means that Jesus Christ will remain forever in hell.
Babylonโs smoke will also go โup forever and ever,โ but she is not a person.
The lake of fire is twice explained as โthe second death.โ
Immortality and eternal life, according to Romans 2:5-8, is not something that people already have but is something which God, on “the day of wrath and revelation of the righteous judgment of God” (Rom 2:5), “will render to those who by perseverance in doing good” (Rom 2:7)
The following are further indications that people do not yet have immortality and that only believers will receive eternal life:
ย โWe believe in Him FOR eternal lifeโ (1 Tim 1:16).
โWe are heirs according to the HOPE of eternal lifeโ (Titus 3:7).
โTake hold of the eternal life
to which you were CALLEDโ (1 Tim 6:12).
โGod โฆ PROMISED eternal life long ages agoโ (Titus 1:2).
Since eternal life is promised only to those who persevere in doing good (Rom 2:7), such verses imply that โthose who obey unrighteousnessโ (Rom 2:8) will NOT live eternally.ย In other words:
SINNERS WILL DIE.
Paul never wrote that sinners will suffer in hell for eternity. He never uses the word โhellโ but always warns sinners that they will die. For example:
โUnrighteousness, wickedness, greed โฆ
those who practice such things
are WORTHY OF DEATHโ (Rom 1:29-32).
ย โIf you are living according to the flesh,
YOU MUST DIE;
but if by the Spirit you are putting to death the deeds of the body,
YOU WILL LIVEโ (Rom 8:13).
โYou are slaves of the one whom you obey,
either of sin RESULTING IN DEATH, or of
obedience resulting in righteousnessโ (Rom 6:16).
โThe WAGES OF SIN IS DEATHโย (Rom 6:23).
ETERNAL DEATHย ย
When traditionalists read such verses, their minds automatically switch “death” to “eternal torment.” However, in Paul’s writings, the OPPOSITE of death, which sinners will die, is explicitly and always eternal life:
โAs SIN REIGNED IN death,
even so GRACE WOULD REIGN … to eternal lifeโ (Rom 5:21).
โYou are slaves โฆ either of SIN RESULTING IN death, โฆ
But now having been freed from sin and enslaved to God โฆ
THE OUTCOME, eternal life.โ (Rom 6:16, 21-22)
โThe wages of sin is death,
but the free gift of God is eternal lifeโ (Rom 6:23).
โOur Saviour Christ Jesus abolished death
and brought life and immortality to lightโ (2 Tim 1:10).
(โLife and immortalityโ mean the same as โeternal life.โ)
โThe one who sows to his own flesh
will from the flesh reap corruption,
but the one who sows to the Spirit
will from the Spirit reap eternal lifeโ (Gal 6:8).
(The Greek word translated as โcorruptionโ in this verse is phthora. Strongโs concordance defines this word as โdestruction, corruption.โ )
CONCLUSION
Paul, therefore, taught that:
People do not yet have immortality.
Only believers will receive eternal life, namely when Christ returns.
Sinners will die.
Since Paul also taught that the opposite of the โdeathโ that sinners will die is โeternal life,โ this is not the temporary death that faces all people. It is, rather, eternal death; that awful and irreversible death which only the unrepentant will suffer, to which Revelation refers as “the second death” (Rev 20:14).
JESUS CHRIST
It should, therefore, be abundantly clear that Paul taught that the unrepentant will die an eternal death. But traditionalists claim that Jesus taught the eternal torment of sinners.
Christ often mentioned โhellโ (Matt 5:22, 29, 30; 10:28; 18:9; 23:15, 33; Mark 9:43-48; Luke 12:5). He warned of โthe fiery hellโ (Matt 5:22; 18:9); โthe unquenchable fireโ (Mark 9:43), โwhere their worm does not die, and the fire is not quenchedโ (Mark 9:44, 46, 48).
It is often assumed that Jesus, with these words, taught that the wicked will be tormented in hell for all eternity, but this is not what He said:
Firstly, He said that the worm and the fire are immortal. He did not say that people are immortal.
Secondly, these are symbols. In ancient times, when people attempt to destroy corpses by fire, wood may be in short supply and the fire goes out before the body is consumed.ย And due to the dry conditions, corpses sometimes dry up and the worms die before the corpse was fully consumed. Therefore the expression, the โworm does not die, and the fire is not quenched,โ simply means that nothing will remain; โboth soul and bodyโ will be consumed (Matt 10:28).
Thirdly, Jesus, like Paul, also contrasted eternal life with death:
โHe who โฆ believes Him who sent Me, has eternal life,
and does not come into judgment,
but has passed out of death into lifeโ (John 5:24).
In John 5:28-29, Jesus said that all people who ever lived will be resurrected. Some will be resurrected to โlife,โ which is the eternal life of verse 24. But the others will be resurrected to โjudgment,โ which is the “death” of verse 24. Since life here is eternal, death here is also eternal.
Fourthly, Jesus said that God โis able to destroy BOTH BODY AND SOUL in hellโ (Matt 10:28). In other words, God is able to annihilate human beings. This means that souls are not immortal. Some counter that God is “able” to annihilate body and soul but that does not mean that He will not do it. But why would Jesus say this unless God would also do this?
Fifthly, and perhaps most important, Jesus quoted “their worm will not die And their fire will not be quenched” from Isaiah 66:24, which explicitly refers to “the corpses of the men.” In other words, it is a symbol of death; not of eternal life in torment.ย
REVELATION
Arguably, the strongest evidence for eternal torment comes from the book of Revelation. It says that any person who โworships the beast and his image:โ
โโฆ will be TORMENTED with fire and brimstone
in the presence of the holy angels
and in the presence of the Lamb.
And the smoke of their torment goes up FOREVER AND EVER;
they have no rest day and nightโ (Rev 14:9-11).ย
This โfire and brimstoneโ refers to the โlake of fire and brimstoneโ (Rev 19:20) where โthe devil โฆ the beast and the false prophet โฆ will (also) be tormented day and night FOREVER AND EVERโ (Rev 20:10) and into which these people are thrown (Rev 20:15). How do we reconcile this with Paulโs consistent view that sinners will die, and with Christโs statement that God will destroy body and soul in hell?
We respond that Revelation is a book of symbolsย and that the following shows that the eternal torment in Revelation is symbolic:
(1) SMOKE RISES FOREVER.
What is eternal in Revelation 14:9-11 is the smoke of their torment; not their torment.ย Babylonโs smoke will also go โup forever and everโ (Rev 17:18; 19:3), but she is not a literal person that can be tormented. Babylon is a symbol of the anti-God religious system that has ruled over the kings of the world of all ages.ย
Furthermore, the โten horns โฆ will burn her up with fireโ (Rev 17:16), which means that Babylon will be fully and completely destroyed.ย ย
The ever-rising smoke is, therefore, a symbol. It means that God and the saved will never forget the awful destruction of people who they loved. People will remember it for as long as they live, and they will live “forever and ever.”
(2) BEAST TORMENTED FOREVER
As a further example of the figurative nature of this eternal torment, the beast will also be โtormented day and night forever and everโ in โthe lake of fire and brimstoneโ (Rev 20:10), but the beast is not a literal person. One of the articles on this website identifies the beast as the mainstream church of Christianity. The beast, therefore, cannot literally be tormented forever in an eternal hell. This must be understood as symbolic language.
(3) THE SECOND DEATH
The lake of fire is twice called โthe second deathโ (Rev 20:14; 21:8). This means that this death is different from the first death. All people are resurrected from death (Rev 20:5; John 5:28-29). Therefore, all people live twice. But the worshipers of the beast also die twice (Rev 19:21; 20:9). After the judgment of the dead (Rev 20:11, 12), their death becomes final and irreversible when Hades is thrown into the lake of fire (Rev 20:14-15).
This is confirmed by the fact that, in Revelation, once a being is cast into the lake of fire, he is never again seen doing anything. For example, the beast and the false prophet “were thrown alive into the lake of fire” when Christ returns (Rev 19:11). Thereafter they never again do anything in Revelation. One thousand years later, the devil and the people with the mark of the beast are cast into the lake of fire (Rev 20:10-11; 20:15) and are never again seen.ย
(4) THE PRESENCE OF THE LAMB
Revelation 14:10 says that the worshipers of the beast โwill be tormented โฆ in the presence of the holy angels and in the presence of the Lamb.โย Literally interpreted, this means that the Lamb and His angels will remain in hell forever, which is ridiculous. God gave Christ โauthority to execute judgmentโ (John 5:27), and this is what He will do.ย
The pain of hell is not that God tormenting people as retribution for their sins. God does not work that way. Everything that God does, He does from love (1 John 4:7; 1:5). But He promised a universe with perfect peace and joy. Therefore, eventually, God must annihilate evil and the consequences of evil. In the process, He has to do certain things that will cause pain. To understand a bit about these larger issues, I recommend Why Satan thought he could win and The Seven Seals of Revelation.
CONCLUSION
The idea of immortal punishment results from the concept of the immortal soul. That man has an immortal soul came from the Greek philosophical view in the world in which Christianity arose. Although it is foreign to Judaism and Christianity, it soon became accepted in the church and is today defended in the Church as orthodox. However, it is actually the first lie recorded in the Bible, when the serpent said to Eve, โYou surely will not dieโ (Gen 3:4). ย
The concept of an immortal soul is rebellion against God. The promise of the Bible is a resurrection from death, which depends on Godโs miraculous power, but the concept of the immortal soul says that we do not need God.
One of the traditional doctrines of the church is that the lost (the people who are not saved) will suffer everlasting torment in the lake of fire. This article shows that this is not what the Bible teaches. Rather, the lost will be annihilated, which means that they will be put out of existence.
This issue is critical for our understanding of God. The Bible teaches that He loved the world so much that He gave His only Son to save it and that God is love (John 3:16; 1 John 4:7). But the doctrine of eternal torment presents Him as the cruelest being in the universe. This doctrine has also caused the church to become arguably the cruelest institution in the world. Over the centuries, for example, the church has killed many people by burning them to death.
But that doctrine is completely contrary to the spirit of Jesus’ teachings. This article shows that the Bible consistently teaches that sinners will die and that only the redeemed will inherit eternal life. The Bible teaches that God will restore joy and peace throughout the universe!
This article is a summary of the four articles in this series:
After God created man (Gen 2:7), God told Adam that he would die if he eats from the tree of knowledge of good and evil (Gen 2:17). Man, therefore, after he was created, was not an immortal being.
After man sinned, God drove him out of the garden to prevent him from eating from the tree of life โand live foreverโ (Gen 3:22). In the context of the creation account, this was a death sentence. Unless something changed, manโs death would be his final end. But something did change:
โGod so loved the world,
that He gave His only begotten Son,
that whoever believes in Him shall not perish,
but have eternal lifeโ (John 3:16).
One profound principle from this verse is that God loves this world so much that He gave “His only begotten Son.” Below, we elaborate on the following two other profound principles from this verse:
Those who do not believe in Jesus Christ will โperish.โ
Whoever believes in Him shall have โeternal life.โ
Non-believers will perish.
The Cambridge dictionary explains perish as โtoย die,ย especiallyย in anย accidentย or by beingย killed, or to beย destroyed.โ The Greek word translated โperishโ in John 3:16 is apollumi. Strongโs concordance explains this as โto destroy, destroy utterly.โ Consistent with these definitions, the New Testament frequently describes the fate of non-believers as dying or destruction. For example:
โThe gate is wide and the way is broad
that leads to destruction โฆ
the gate is small and the way is narrow
that leads to lifeโ (Matt 7:13-14).
โThe wages of sin is deathโ (Rom 6:23).
โThose who do not know God โฆ
will pay the penalty of eternal destructionโ (2 Thess 1:8-9)
โThe day of judgment and destruction
of ungodly menโ (2 Peter 3:7);
โWhen sin is accomplished,
it brings forth deathโ (James 1:15).
There are so many texts in the New Testament that describe the end of the lost as death or destruction that I found it difficult to limit myself to the five above; one from Jesus, two from Paul, and one each from Peter and James. For other such statements, see Matt 3:12; 10:28; 13:40-42; Rom 1:29-32; 6:16, 21; 8:13; Phil 1:28; 3:18โ19; 1 Cor 3:17; 1 Thess 5:2-3; 2 Peter 2:1, 3, 6; and James 4:12; 5:19.
The opposite of eternal life is death.
In many of the examples above, the fate of the lost is described as โdeath.โ That is not the first and temporary death that faces all people. Rather, it is that awful and irreversible death that only sinners will suffer, which Revelation refers to as โthe second deathโ (Rev 20:14; cf. 20:6; 21:8). The contrast between โdeathโ and โeternal lifeโ in these verses indicates that this is the meaning of “death:“
โHe who โฆ believes Him who sent Me,
has eternal life, and โฆ
has passed out of death into lifeโ (John 5:24).
โThe wages of sin is death,
but the free gift of God is eternal lifeโ (Rom 6:23).
โOur Saviour Christ Jesus abolished death
and brought life and immortality to lightโ (2 Tim 1:10).
For other such statements, see Romans 6:16, 21-22; 8:13; 5:21 or Galatians 6:8).
The contrast in these passages between โdeathโ and โeternallifeโ is quite incompatible with the contrast between eternal life in happiness and eternal life in torment that the traditional doctrine presents.
Traditionalist Response
This article refers to people who teach everlasting torment as traditionalists.
The traditionalist response to such verses is that โdestroyโ should not be taken literally. However, everywhere else the verb apollumi (destroy) is used in the synoptic Gospels, it always refers to someone literally killing another (e.g., Matt 2:13, Mark 9:22). And, as another example, Peter used the same word to describe the destruction of people during the flood and the destruction of the lost in the end (2 Peter 3:6-7). Literal destruction, therefore, is indicated.
Conclusion
The Bible is literally packed with affirmations that the lost will be destroyed. However, Bible readers have become so accustomed to these statements that we simply donโt notice them anymore. We should allow these texts to say what they say, and not subconsciously edit them out.
Whoever believes in Him shall have eternal life.
We have now confirmed the principle from John 3:16 that non-believers will “perish.” We now come to another profound principle from that verse, namely that ONLY believers will inherit eternal life.
Scripture sees immortality as something that belongs to God alone (1 Tim 6:16); NOT something that people already have. Immortality is a gift that God will give only to those who believe in Jesus. For example:
“You (the Father) gave Him (the Son) authority over all flesh, that to all whom You have given Him, He may give eternal life” (John 17:2).
โWe believe in Him FOR eternal lifeโ (1 Tim 1:16).
โChrist Jesus โฆ has destroyed death and has
brought life and immortality to lightโ (2 Tim 1:9-10)
For other such statements, see also John 10:28; Rom 2:5-8; 6:23; 1 Cor 15:42, 50, 53, 54; Gal 6:8; 1 John 5:11; Titus 1:2; 3:7 and 1 Tim 6:12. Only Godโs people will receive eternal life. The tragic consequence is that a person who rejects Christ will not receive immortality, but die the second death which God warned Adam about. ย
Traditionalist Response
Traditionalists may agree that people do not have inherent (essential) immortality independent of God. However, based on texts that seem to teach everlasting torment, traditionalists argue that God will keep sinners in existence endlessly to punish them, as per the Belgic Confession:
โThe evil ones โฆ shall be made immortal – but only to be tormented in the everlasting fireโ (Belgic Confession; article 37).
But this is the opposite of what the Bible teaches, for the Bible makes it clear that sinners will be put out of existence and that only the saved will receive immortality. Therefore, the traditional interpretations of verses that seem to teach everlasting torment must be wrong, as discussed below.
The Biblical vision of eternity
Above, two broad biblical themes that support annihilationism have been presented, namely:
The lost will be destroyed, and
Immortality is available but ONLY through Christ.
The current section presents a third theme in support of annihilationism, namely that a time will come when evil will NOT exist anywhere in the universe:
โThe fullness of the times, that is, the summing up of all things in Christ, things in the heavens and things on the earthโ (Eph 1:10)
โThen comes the end,
when He hands over the kingdom to the God โฆ so that God may be all in allโ (1 Cor 15:24, 28).
In Revelation 21, God promises:
In โa new heaven and a new earthโ (Rev 21:1), He will โwill wipe away every tear.โ โThere will no longer be any mourning, or crying, or pain;
the first things have passed away.โ (Rev 20:4)
When God is โall in all,โ His enemies will no longer exist.
Conclusions
Perversely, instead of a glorious universal kingdom unblemished by any stain, defenders of the doctrine of everlasting torment teach that creation will forever be divided into an ugly dualism of happiness and โweeping and gnashing of teethโ (Matt 8:12) as multitudes suffer endlessly.ย
Itโs not clear how heaven could ever truly be happy if it co-exists alongside an eternal hell. How could we enjoy our new existence when we know that fellow human beings โ and perhaps even our loved ones โ are being tormented with no hope that the pain will ever stop?ย
The central revelation of God in the New Testament is that God is love (1 John 4:8, 16). How could a loving God keep the damned in existence for the sole purpose of torturing them?
Above, we presented the case for annihilationism. The remainder of the article discusses the evidence for everlasting torment.
The warning of the third angel in Revelation 14:9-11 is one of the Bible passages that are most frequently used to justify the teaching of everlasting torment.
At the time when the image of the beast kills people who refuse to accept the mark of the beast (Rev 13:15-16), God, through His people on earth, sends three powerful messages to the people of the world, symbolized as three angels (Rev 14:6, 8, 9). The third angel (Rev 14:9) warns that any person who accepts the mark of the beast:
โWill drink of the wine of the wrath of God,
โฆ and he will be TORMENTED with fire and brimstone
in the presence of โฆ the Lamb.
And the smoke of their torment
goes up FOREVER AND EVER;
they have no rest day and nightโ (Rev 14:10-11)
The only thing that is described as eternal in these verses is the rising smoke. Traditionalists argue that, if “the smoke of their torment goes up forever and ever,” then the lost must burn forever. We object as follows to this interpretation:
Revelation is a symbolic book.
First, the book of Revelation is replete with symbolism. For example, in the third angel’s message, God’s wrath is symbolized as wine that people will have to drink, and Jesus is symbolized as a Lamb. We should, therefore, expect that other aspects of the third angelโs warning are also symbolic.ย ย
Tormented in the presence of the Lamb
Second, the worshipers of the beast โwill be tormented โฆ in the presence of โฆ the Lambโ (Rev 14:10). Literally interpreted, this means that the Lamb and His angels will remain in hell forever, which is ridiculous. The fact that the lost โwill be tormented โฆ in the presence of โฆ the Lamb,โ implies that they will not be tormented forever.
Language of the judgment on Edom
Third, the warning of the third angel contains one of the strongest allusions in Revelation to the Old Testament, namely to the prophecy against Edom (Isaiah 34:9-10). Both the third angel and the prophecy against Edom predict:
Punishment
With fire and brimstone,
Causing smoke to rise forever.
But the prophecy against Edom interprets its own symbols as extinction, namely that Edom โwill be desolate; None will pass through it forever and ever.โ
Babylon’s smoke goes up forever.
Fourth, as stated, the only thing that is eternal in the third angel’s message is the rising smoke, but the smoke of the harlot Babylon also โgoes up for ever and everโ (Rev 19:3). Babylon symbolizes false religion that has ruled over the kings of the world of all ages (Rev 17:3, 18). (See the article series on Babylon.) Although “the smoke from her goes up for ever and ever,” she will NOT be tormented forever because:
False religion is not a personal being that can be tormented.
Revelation states explicitly that Babylon will be completely and utterly destroyed (Rev 18:21; 17:16).
The Immediate Context
Fifth, the third angel’s warning of โthe wrath of Godโ (Rev 14:10) is followed in chapter 14 by the outpouring of Godโs wrath at Christโs return (Rev 14:14). At that time, โthe great wine press of the wrath of Godโ (Rev 14:19) โwas trodden … and blood flowed from the wine press, as high as a horseโs bridleโ (Rev 14:20). Since a warning of wrath is closely followed by a description of the execution of wrath at Christ’s return, the context requires that the warning refers to Christ’s return.
The Seven Last Plagues
Sixth, the seven last plagues are โthe last, because in them the wrath of God is finishedโ (Rev 15:1). This implies that the wrath of God, about which the third angel warned (Rev 14:10), will be โfinishedโ when the seven last plagues are finished. Since the seven last plagues conclude with Christโs return (see the explanation in the detailed article), when He will put the lost to death (Rev 19:21), the wrath of God, which the third angel warns about, will be concluded with Christโs return. It will not continue forever.
Conclusion
Read superficially, the third angel’s message does seem to talk about everlasting torment, but the following indicates that, actually, it teaches annihilation:
They are tormented in the presence of the Lamb.
This warning uses language from the destruction of Edom.
The description of the lake of fire in Revelation 20:10 is also one of the main arguments for everlasting torment:
โAnd the devil who deceived them was thrown into the lake of fire and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet are also; and they will be TORMENTED day and night FOREVER AND EVERโ (Rev 20:10, NASB).
This verse has all the necessary elements for the traditional doctrine of everlasting torment โ the lake of fire, conscious suffering, and eternal duration. And, only a few verses later, the lost are also thrown into the lake of fire:
โIf anyoneโs name was not found
written in the book of life,
he was thrown into the lake of fireโ (Rev 20:15).
However, once one understands the meaning of the symbols, Revelation 20:10 is a symbolic description of annihilation:
Revelation is a book of symbols.
First, as already stated above, Revelation is replete with symbols. Examples from Revelation 20:10 are that the beast, which is tormented in the lake of fire, has seven heads and ten horns and comes up out of the sea (Rev 13:1). And the false prophet, which is tormented with it, is also a beast but it comes “up out of the earth” and has “two horns like a lamb” (Rev 13:11). (See the explanations of the beast and the false prophet below.) Given the symbolic nature of Revelation, any literal interpretation is probably wrong.
Death itself is annihilated in the Lake of Fire.
Second, at the end of Revelation 20, after the final judgment (Rev 20:11-12), death itself is also โthrown into the lake of fireโ (Rev 20:14). Revelation 21:4 explains this as that โthere will no longer be any death.” If throwing death into the lake of fire symbolizes the annihilation of death, then all things thrown into the lake of fire are annihilated.
The Lake of Fire is the Second Death.
Third, the lake of fire is twice explicitly explained as โthe second death:โ
โThen death and Hades were thrown into the lake of fire. This is the second death, the lake of fireโ (Rev 20:14).
โBut for the cowardly and unbelieving and abominable โฆ
their part will be in the lake that burns with fire and brimstone, which is the second deathโ (Rev 21:8).
Referring to this death as the second death means that it is different from the first death. Some people have died twice (e.g., Lazarus in John 11:44 and the little girl in Mark 5:41) but they did not die the second death.
All dead people will be resurrected from the first death (Rev 20:5; John 5:28-29). It is only after the final great judgment (Rev 20:11, 12) that the lost are “thrown into the lake of fire” (Rev 20:15), which is the second death. This is the final and irreversible death.
The Beast is not a personal being.
Fourth, the beast is not a person. It comes up out of the sea and has seven heads and ten horns (Rev 13:1). Both its seven heads and ten horns are explained as “kings” (Rev 17:10, 12). Revelation 13:2 says that the beast receives something from a lion, a bear, a leopard, and a dragon. These are the four beasts of Daniel 7. Revelation 13:2, therefore, identifies the beast as a continuation of the beasts of Daniel. And Danielโs beasts are also explained as kingdoms that exist on earth (Dan 7:17, 23). Interpreters right across the theological spectrum agree that the beast of Revelation is not a personal being that can be tormented, but a kingdom, a โsystem:โ
Reformed preterist Kenneth Gentry sees the beast as representing Rome, with Nero Caesar in particular as its representative.
Dispensationalist/futurist John Walvoord sees it as the revived Roman Empire in the last days.
Idealist Sam Hamstra sees the beast as representing โthe spirit and empires of the world.
The current website interprets the beast as the eleventh horn of Daniel 7, which is the Antichrist in the Book of Daniel, and which is the church of the middle ages.
For a discussion of the identity of the beasts, heads, and horns, see:
Fifth. the false prophet is also a beast, namely the โbeast coming up out of the earthโ (Rev 13:11). To see that they are the same, compare Revelation 13:12 and 19:20. The false prophet, therefore, is also not a personal entity.
โSince the beast and the false prophet are figures for systems rather than individual persons, the permanent destruction of evil is evidently meantโ (F.F. Bruce, โRevelation,โ in The New Laymanโs Bible Commentary, 1708.). Neither of them will exist forever, nor could they suffer conscious, sensible pain.
The Beast will be destroyed.
This is explicitly stated in Revelation:
“The beast that you saw … go to destruction” (Rev 17:8).
“The beast … goes to destruction” (Rev 17:11).
We also see this in Daniel 7. As stated, the beast in Revelation is a continuation of the beasts in Daniel 7 (cf. Rev 13:2). The most important character in Daniel 7 is the eleventh horn that grows out of the fourth beast: Most of the chapter is dedicated to this evil power (cf. Dan 7:25). However, a time will come when it will be โannihilated and destroyed foreverโ (Dan 7:26). Since this horn is the successor of the fourth beast, when it is โannihilated and destroyed forever,โ the same applies to the fourth beast itself.
To make the link to Revelation’s beast even stronger, another article shows that the evil eleventh horn is the beast of Revelation. In other words, since the horn will be โannihilated and destroyed forever,โ the beast of Revelation will be annihilated.
We also see in Daniel 2 that the beast will be annihilated. That chapter describes the same four kingdoms as in Daniel 7 and confirms that, once Christ has returned, โnot a trace of them was foundโ (Dan 2:35). Godโs kingdom โwill crush and put an end to all these kingdomsโ (Dan 2:44).
Conclusions
Again we discover that, what superficially seems to be evidence for everlasting torment, actually is evidence for annihilation, for death itself and the systems symbolized by the beast and the false prophet are annihilated in the lake of fire. Describing this lake as the second death also implies annihilation.
The devil is cast into the lake of fire with the beast and the false prophet (Rev 20:10). He is a personal being and could suffer everlasting torment. But if impersonal or corporate entities, such as death, the beast, and the false prophet, can be thrown into the lake of fire to be annihilated, then, when Satan is thrown into that lake, he is also annihilated.
But why does the apocalypse use such awful symbols? I propose that Revelation states that the lost will be โtormented day and night forever and everโ because the utter annihilation of people, who have been created in Godโs image, is a truly horrifying concept; both for God and His people. Just think of the people around you. Every one of them is a miracle created by God. To lose even one person is an eternal tragedy. For that reason, God paints a truly frightening picture of the end of the people who accept the mark of the beast.
Other evidence for Everlasting Torment
This section is a summary of the article, Eternal Torment. It shows that the other arguments for everlasting torment are equally weak.
The Rich Man and Lazarus
Jesus told the story of a rich man who lived in splendor and a beggar named Lazarus who lay at his gate, covered with sores (Luke 16:19-20). Both men died. The rich man was โin agony in this flameโ (Luke 16:22-23). This parable is often but mistakenly used to support the doctrine of eternal torment;
Firstly, this is a parable and the purpose of a parable is to convey a single message. In this parable, the message is, “If they do not listen to Moses and the Prophets, they will not be persuaded even if someone rises from the dead” (Luke 16:31). The details of the parables are not to be taken literally.
Secondly, it is important to note that the rich man is โin hadesโ (Luke 16:23). Hades is the temporary holding place where the dead are kept until the final destruction (cf. Rev 20:14). In other words, this parable says nothing about hell; the place of the ultimate destruction of the lost (Matt 10:28).
Eternal Punishment
This is possibly the most powerful argument for everlasting torment, namely that the Bible describes the state of the lost with phrases such as โeternal punishmentโ and โthe eternal fire.โ For example, Jesus said:
โThen He will also say to those on His left,
โDepart from Me, accursed ones, into the eternal fire โฆ
These will go away into eternal punishment,
but the righteous into eternal lifeโ (Matt 25:41, 46).
However, for the following reasons, this also does not prove eternal torment:
Eternal Fire Jude uses โSodom and Gomorrahโ as โan exampleโ of โthe punishment of eternal fireโ (Jude 1:7). In other words, Sodom and Gomorrah serve as โan exampleโ of the “eternal fire” about which Christ warned. But the fire that destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah has gone out long ago.
Eternal Punishment Paul wrote that โthose who do not know God โฆ will pay the penalty of eternal destructionโ (2 Thess 1:8-9). This explains what type of “eternal punishment” Jesus warned about, namely destruction.
2 Thessalonians 1:8-9
These verses are often used in debates around eternal torment. Therefore, let us consider them more closely:
“When the Lord Jesus will be revealed from heaven โฆ 8 dealing out retribution to those who do not know God โฆ 9 These will pay the penalty of eternal destruction, away from the presence of the Lord“
Traditionalists argue that, since destruction cannot be an โeternalโ process, the destruction here cannot be literal. However, this is a weak argument because โeternalโ describes the consequence of the literal action of destruction.
Traditionalists also attempt to show that the destruction is not literal by using the NIV which translates this verse as โeternal destruction,and shut out from the presence of the Lord,” as if the โand shut out from the presence of the Lordโ is a second thing which these people must suffer, which would require their continued existence.
But this is simply a wrong translation, reflecting the theology of the translators. There are no words in the Greek of this verse that can be translated as โand shut out.โ Youngโs Literal Translation, for example, simply reads, โdestruction age-during โ from the face of the Lordโ (Biblehub). In other words, these people will be removed from the presence of the Lord BY being destroyed with everlasting destruction.
Daniel 12:2
Daniel 12:2 also has a phrase that contains the word “eternal” and that is used to justify eternal torment:
โMany of those who sleep
in the dust of the ground will awake,
these to everlasting life,
but the others to disgrace
and everlasting contemptโ (NASB).
Traditionalists argue that, for the lost to experience โdisgrace and everlasting contempt,โ requires that they will always exist and be aware of their condition. However, Isaiah 66 shows that it is those who will receive โeverlasting lifeโ who will think of the lost with contempt. In Isaiah 66:
โThose slain by the LORD shall be manyโ (Isa 66:16).
Then, the saved โwill โฆ look on the corpses of the men โฆ and they will be an abhorrence(same word as “contempt” in Daniel 2:2) to allโ (Isa 66:24).
Their worm does not die,
and the fire is not quenched.
Jesus also said:
โIt is better for you to enter life crippled,
than โฆ to go … into the unquenchable fire,
[where THEIR WORM DOES NOT DIE,
AND THE FIRE IS NOT QUENCHED]โ (Mark 9:43-44; cf. Matt 18:8-9).
This also does not prove eternal torment:
Firstly, in this warning, Jesus contrasted โlifeโ with โthe unquenchable fire,โ which implies that โthe unquenchable fireโ is death.
Secondly, and much more importantly, Jesus here quoted the key phrase, โTHEIR WORM DOES NOT DIE, AND THE FIRE IS NOT QUENCHEDโ directly from Isaiah 66:24, which refers to corpses, and not to conscious eternal torment:
โThen they will โฆ look on the corpses of the men Who have transgressed against Me. For their worm will not die And their fire will not be quenched.โ
When people attempt to destroy corpses by fire, a portion of the body might remain due to a lack of fuel. And due to dry conditions, corpses sometimes dried up and the worms died before the corpse was fully consumed.ย That โtheir worm will not die and their fire will not be quenchedโ (Isa 66:24) means that these bodies will be completely consumed. There is no suggestion in Isaiah 66 of eternal torment. Rather, it supports annihilation. Since Jesus quoted from these verses, that is how we should understand His words.
The Unquenchable Fire
In Mark 9, as quoted above, Jesus also referred to โthe unquenchable fireโ (Mark 9:43). An โunquenchable fireโ is not one that will never go out. For example, in Ezekiel 20:47-48, โthe blazing flame will not be quenchedโ but will โconsume every green tree in you.โ In other words, an unquenchable fire is one that is not quenched until it has fully consumed the object being burnt. In other words, โthe unquenchable fireโ also implies annihilation.
Summary
I would like to classify the arguments in this article as follows:
Evidence Supporting Annihilation
Man, after he was created, was not an immortal being.
After man sinned, God denied him access to the tree of life.
The NT frequently states that the lost will be destroyed.
Only believers will inherit eternal life.
In eternity, God will be all in all.
The third angel (Rev 14:9-11) teaches annihilation.
The lake of fire (Rev 20:10) also symbolizes extinction.
Once one understands the meanings of the symbols, the passages from Revelation support annihilation rather than eternal torment.
Neutral Evidence
The parable of the rich man and Lazarus speaks about hades, and not about Gehenna; the place where souls are destroyed (Matt 10:28).
The eternal fire, eternal punishment, everlasting contempt, โtheir worm does not die, the fire is not quenched,โ and the unquenchable fire does seem to support eternal torment when read superficially, but when one considers the Old Testament background and explanations of these passages in the New Testament, these statements can also be interpreted as evidence for annihilation. For this reason, I regard these statements as neutral in this debate.
This means that I find no evidence in the Bible for everlasting torment.
Origin and Consequences
The idea of eternal torment results from the concept that man has an immortal soul.
At the time when non-Jews were first allowed to become Christians without first becoming Jewish proselytes (See Early Church History), it was generally accepted in the Hellenistic (Greek) philosophical tradition that people have immortal souls. Although this view is foreign to Judaism, with the influx of Gentiles, this was one of the Hellenistic ideas that crept into the church and became one of the traditional teachings of the church
Since it was thought that people have immortal souls, the church had to develop an understanding of what will happen to the immortal souls of the lost in eternity. To solve this question, the isolated texts that seem to support eternal torment provided a solution. Thus, the dominant view of hell (Gehenna), throughout Church history, is that the lost will suffer unending torment.
But behind this, we must see Satanโs hand. Continuing his first lie to the human race; โYou surely will not die!โ (Gen 3:4), Satan managed to convince the church that God will keep people alive for all eternity with the sole purpose of tormenting them. This presents God as the cruelest being that we are able to conceive; retaliating on his foes with an unmitigated, insatiable vengeance.
Added to that, some propose that God decides who will suffer eternal torture in hell, irrespective of what kind of people they are, and they call it the doctrine of God’s grace! How the church has become corrupted!
“Fallen, fallen is Babylon the great, she who has made all the nations drink of the wine of the passion of her immorality” (Rev 14:8).
See, Babylon the great.)
But this deception is not without its consequences:
Firstly, how does one put your faith (trust) in such a god? Many people have become rebels due to the teaching of eternal torment.
Secondly, since man becomes like the god he worships, this teaching has helped Satan to convert the bride of Christ into the antichrist. Over the centuries, the church has killed millions of God’s true people, namely those people who resist the churchโs blasphemous teachings.